Finite-element modelling of rock anchors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes a generalized modelling technique for the simulation of rock anchors, including mechanically anchored rock bolts, grouted rebars and cable bolts. The proposed technique is implemented in a two-dimensional, finite-element method. A rock anchor system is modelled by a series of bar elements, representing the anchor, which are connected along their length to the rock mass by continuous shear springs, representing the shear bond stiffness of the grout and the rock–anchor interface. Surface anchorage, anchor tensioning and full or partiallength grouting can be modelled. The versatility of the proposed model is illustrated by a simple example of a rectangular excavation, and the application of the model is demonstrated by a case study of an underground mine stope in hard rock, supported by cable bolts. Cet article présente une technique généralisée de modélisation numérique pour la simulation des boulons d'ancrage, incluant des boulons mécaniques, des armatures cimentés et des câbles d'ancrage. La technique proposée est effectuée par la méthode des éléments finis. Le système d'ancrage est modélisé par une série d'éléments linéaires, qui représentent l'ancrage, et qui est connectée au massif rocheux par des ressorts de cisaillement à l'interface rocheboulon. On peut modéliser l'effet d'ancrage de tête du boulon, et les boulons qui sont partiellement ou complètement cimentés. La polyvalence du modèle proposée est illustrée par un exemple simple d'une excavation rectangulaire. Une application pratique du modèle est présentée dans le cas d'un chantier d'abattage souterrain supporté par des câbles d'ancrage dans une mine de roche dure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".