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Record W2099232930 · doi:10.2741/1456

B cell/antibody tolerance to our own antigens

2004· review· en· W2099232930 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueFrontiers in bioscience · 2004
Typereview
Languageen
FieldImmunology and Microbiology
TopicT-cell and B-cell Immunology
Canadian institutionsWestern University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsImmunologyAntigenImmune systemBiologyAntibodyAutoimmunityB cellCell biology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The lymphoid system normally mounts damaging responses to infectious pathogens while avoiding equally damaging responses to self. A notable number of antibodies to self antigens are formed but normally remain at levels below the damaging threshold, only temporarily rising to damaging levels during protective responses against infectious nonself. Many mechanisms regulate the level of autoantibodies and anti-self B cells including deletion, anergy, ignorance for antigen, receptor editing, coinhibition, competition for resources to sustain B cell responses, and apoptotic denouement of damaging responses following the ejection or containment of foreign invaders. While infectious events may encourage immune responses to self antigens, infectious events tend also to strengthen regulatory mechanisms. When regulatory mechanisms do not function properly, abnormal damaging responses to self antigens may occur. While defects in a single regulatory mechanism may result in autoimmunity, this eventuality usually happens only on permissive genetic backgrounds; this indicates that weakness in other regulatory mechanisms may be necessary to result in the emergence of damaging responses to self antigens. The immune system and its regulatory mechanisms are not simple, as one would expect of a homoeostatic process that also has the ability to expand enormously when challenged and to contract rapidly when threats pass. These processes that avoid damaging anti-self B cells are much more complicated than that envisaged in standard two signal models. Simple signals through the B cell antigen-receptor probably encourage B cell survival and receptivity, while other signals (costimulatory or coinhibitory) promote B cell stimulation or non-stimulation/inactivation.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.912
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0020.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0020.000
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.002

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.019
GPT teacher head0.289
Teacher spread0.271 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it