Annual cycle of the black‐capped chickadee: Seasonality of singing rates and vocal‐control brain regions
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Black-capped chickadees have a rich vocal repertoire including learned calls and the learned fee-bee song. However, the neural regions underlying these vocalizations, such as HVC, area X, and RA (robust nucleus of arcopallium), remain understudied. Here, we document seasonal changes in fee-bee song production and show a marked peak in singing rate during March through May. Despite this, we found only minimal seasonal plasticity in vocal control regions of the brain in males. There was no significant effect of time of year on the size of HVC, X, or RA in birds collected in January, April, July, and October. We then pooled birds into two groups, those with large testes (breeding condition) and those with small testes (nonbreeding), regardless of time of year. Breeding birds had slightly larger RA, but not HVC or X, than nonbreeding birds. Breeding birds had slightly larger HVC and RA, but not X, as a proportion of telencephalon volume than did nonbreeding birds. Birds collected in July had heavier brains than birds at other times of year, and had the greatest loss in brain mass during cryoprotection. The absence of any overall seasonal change in the vocal-control regions of chickadees likely results from a combination of individual differences in the timing of breeding phenology and demands on the vocal-control regions to produce learned calls year-round.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it