The use of Ebonex electrodes for the electrochemical removal of nitrate ion from water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work addresses the remediation of nitrate-contaminated water using electrodes made of Ebonex (a titanium oxide ceramic with a wide range of potential stability). The objective was the complete denitrification of solutions containing nitrate ion. Denitrification was achieved in about 50% yield with unreactive supporting electrolytes when Ebonex was used as both cathode and anode, the remaining product being ammonia. Ammonia could be re-oxidized at the Ebonex anode, but this was much less efficient than the reduction step. A more efficient electrolytic denitrification was possible for solutions containing chloride; this is oxidized anodically to hypochlorite, which then oxidizes ammonia chemically to N 2 . The overall rate of denitrification was highest at moderate concentrations of chloride ion, because hypochlorite also re-oxidizes reduction intermediates such as nitrite back to nitrate. Complete denitrification was achieved at all stages of the reaction using Ebonex cathode and a dimensionally stable anode based on Ti/IrO 2 or Ti/RuO 2 , because the DSA oxidizes chloride ion more efficiently than Ebonex. Cathode fouling by water sources that are high in hardness cations can be prevented by using one DSA and a pair of Ebonex electrodes that undergo periodic polarity reversal.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".