Myeloid Differentiation Factor-88 Plays a Crucial Role in the Pathogenesis of Coxsackievirus B3–Induced Myocarditis and Influences Type I Interferon Production
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Myeloid differentiation factor (MyD)-88 is a key adaptor protein that plays a major role in the innate immune pathway. How MyD88 may regulate host response in inflammatory heart disease is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: We found that the cardiac protein level of MyD88 was significantly increased in the hearts of wild-type mice after exposure to Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). MyD88(-/-) mice showed a dramatic higher survival rate (86%) in contrast to the low survival (35%) in the MyD88(+/+) mice after CVB3 infection (P<0.0001). Pathological examination showed a significant decrease of cardiac and pancreatic inflammation in the MyD88(-/-) mice. Viral concentrations in the hearts were significantly decreased in the MyD88(-/-) mice. Cardiac mRNA levels for interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and IL-18 were significantly decreased in the MyD88(-/-) mice. Similarly, serum levels of T-helper 1 cytokines were significantly decreased in the MyD88(-/-) mice. In contrast, cardiac protein levels of the activated interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 and IFN-beta were significantly increased in the MyD88(-/-) mice but not other usual upstream signals to IRF-3. The cardiac expression of coxsackie-adenoviral receptor and p56(lck) were also significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: MyD88 appears to be a key contributor to cardiac inflammation, mediating cytokine production and T-helper-1/2 cytokine balance, increasing coxsackie-adenoviral receptor and p56(lck) expression and viral titers after CVB3 exposure. Absence of MyD88 confers host protection possibly through novel direct activation of IRF-3 and IFN-beta.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".