Pathways of carbon cycling in marine surface waters: the fate of small-sized phytoplankton in the Northeast Water Polynya
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The fate of small-sized phytoplankton (<5 μm) and pathways of carbon cycling in surface waters, i.e. recycling within or export out of the mixed layer, were investigated in the Northeast Water (NEW) Polynya (77–81°N) from 23 May to 22 July 1993. The sampling covered a wide range of ice, hydrographic and nutrient conditions. Chlorophyll a concentrations, phytoplankton production rates and zooplankton abundances were determined in the field, and potential rates of grazing by protozoa, copepods and appendicularians were calculated from abundances, using assumptions from the literature. To our knowledge, this is the first published attempt to assess concurrently the grazing of these three plankton groups in the Arctic. The production rate of small-sized phytoplankton was significantly higher in ice-free compared with ice-covered areas, but the biomasses of small-sized phytoplankton and zooplankton were not. Potential recycling, downward export and horizontal advection of phytoplankton were calculated by resolving carbon budgets for the mixed layer. A large fraction of the small-sized phytoplankton produced inside the polynya was advected horizontally to the ice-covered part of the NEW, where these algae were necessary to sustain the heterotrophic community. We conclude that the fate of small-sized phytoplankton production was mostly recycling (>70%). Downward export would have occurred infrequently, as a result of intense grazing by appendicularians. Size-differential pathways of carbon cycling in planktonic food webs are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".