Aqueous Colloidal Characterization and Forming of Multimodal Barium Titanate Powders
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aqueous suspensions of two barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) powders, with 100 and 500 nm nominal size, were found to be stabilized by a predominantly steric mechanism when using a polyelectrolyte surfactant, an ammonium salt of poly(methacylate) (PMA‐NH 4 ). Considerable amounts of barium ions were shown to readily dissolve from BaTiO 3 powders in an aqueous environment, even without the addition of acid or base. This barium dissolution obscured the accurate measurement of the isoelectric point of the two powders. Suspension stabilization was observed to occur at basic pH when using PMA‐NH 4 . Concentrated suspensions of each individual powder exhibited shear thinning behavior, with the onset of shear thickening occurring at relatively high shear rates. Suspensions containing 85 vol% coarse/15 vol% fine powders demonstrated the lowest apparent viscosity for a given solids loading, while the highest sintered density was obtained with a mixture of 70 vol% coarse/30 vol% fine, when sintering at 1300°C for 2 h (97.4% of theoretical, slip cast from a suspension containing 50 vol% solids).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".