The Impact of Trade Barriers on Mandated Biofuel Consumption in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A customized version of the deterministic Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) modeling system was used to assess the impacts of two alternative scenarios: (1) an increase in Canadian ethanol demand to 10% of domestic liquid fuel consumption by 2011 met through increased ethanol imports, and (2) the same increase in Canadian ethanol demand met only through increased domestic supply. The results reveal import barriers injure Canadian consumers by limiting their access to supplies offered for sale at lower prices by more efficient producers, particularly those located in subtropical regions. With freer trade, the domestic ethanol price would fall while the world price would rise due to the higher demand for ethanol in Canada. The results also show that import restrictions directly undermine the effectiveness and increase the costliness of a higher consumption mandate in Canada. The relatively less expensive ethanol is for the final consumer, the more likely they will use it as fuel over available alternatives. The implication is that restricting imports of ethanol is counterproductive to the policy objective of increasing domestic ethanol consumption. Nous avons utilisé une version adaptée du système de modélisation déterministe du Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) pour évaluer les répercussions de deux scénarios possibles : 1. une hausse de la demande canadienne d’éthanol équivalant à dix pour cent de la consommation intérieure de combustible liquide d’ici 2011 grâce à l’augmentation des importations d’éthanol; 2. la même hausse grâce, cette fois, à l’augmentation des approvisionnements intérieurs seulement. Nos résultats ont indiqué que les obstacles à l’importation lèsent les consommateurs canadiens en limitant leur accès à des approvisionnements offerts à faibles prix par des producteurs plus efficaces, en particulier ceux des régions subtropicales. En présence d’une libéralisation accrue des échanges, le prix intérieur de l’éthanol reculerait tandis que le prix mondial augmenterait en raison de l’accroissement de la demande d’éthanol au Canada. Nos résultats ont également indiqué que les restrictions à l’importation réduisent directement l’efficacité et augmentent la cherté du mandat visant à stimuler la consommation d’éthanol au Canada. Plus le prix de l’éthanol sera abordable pour le consommateur final, plus ce dernier sera enclin à l’utiliser comme combustible par rapport aux autres sources disponibles. Imposer des restrictions à l’importation d’éthanol fait plus de tort que de bien à l’objectif de la politique qui vise à accroître la consommation intérieure d’éthanol.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".