Monitoring the melt season length of the Barnes Ice Cap over the 1979–2010 period using active and passive microwave remote sensing data
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Barnes Ice Cap (BIC) located on Baffin Island (Nunavut, Canada) is one of the most southern ice caps of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Observational data provide evidence of increased melting, thinning and contour recession due to recent climate warming in the Arctic. The duration of the summer melt season for the BIC, over the period 1979–2010, was derived using a threshold algorithm for 19 GHz horizontal polarization brightness temperature data; the passive microwave satellite measurements included data from the quasi‐daily Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager. Our results show the melt season lengthened by 33% from 65.6 ± 6 days at the beginning of the period (1979–1987) to 87.1 ± 7.8 days towards the end (2002–2010). The interannual variations of the number of melt days were in agreement with those derived from active microwave backscatter data from the QuikSCAT scatterometer for the overlapping 2000–2009 period. In addition, elevation change data from the ICESat altimeter confirmed the thinning of the BIC at a mean rate of −0.75 m/year for the 2003–2009 period. For the 32‐year period that we analysed, correlations with summer and annual air temperature and annual sum of positive days were examined for both the North American Regional Reanalysis and the Clyde River Automatic Weather Station data. Correlations with land surface temperature data from MODIS were also examined over the last decade. The results of these investigations showed that these climate indicators did not adequately explain the observed melt variations for the BIC. Ground‐based snow and ice measurements collected near the BIC summit during a 10‐day field campaign in March 2011 provided insights onto the surface properties and confirm the relevance of the remote sensing invariant threshold algorithm used for melt detection. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".