Risk of Transmission of Bovine Herpesvirus‐1 (<scp>BHV</scp>‐1) by Infected Semen to Embryo Recipients and Offspring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Contents Infection with bovine herpesvirus‐1 (BHV‐1), also called infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis virus, is associated with a variety of respiratory, neurological and infertility health problems causing worldwide economic losses and trading restrictions to the livestock industry. Although there is a considerable amount of information about the risk ofBHV‐1 transmission through contaminated semen used for artificial insemination, there is no available evidence to indicate whether the resulting embryos, when used for embryo transfer (ET), can lead to the transmission ofBHV‐1 to recipients and offspring. For this study, cryopreserved bull semen contaminated withBHV‐1 was used for artificial insemination (AI) of seronegative, superovulated heifers (N = 43). Embryos were collected post‐mortem at 7 days post‐insemination and were washed according to the International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) guidelines.BHV‐1 was detected in all samples of follicular fluid, oviductal epithelial cells, endometrium and corpora lutea tissues and a proportion of unwashed (52 of 120, 43%) and washed oocytes and embryos (7 of 113, 6%) collected from embryo donors. Of the 396 collected, unfertilized oocytes and embryos, only 29 (7%) were ofETquality. Most of the embryos and oocytes were degenerated (N = 224, 57%) or unfertilized (N = 143, 36%). The 13 heifers, which each received a single morula‐stage washed embryo, maintained seronegative status, but only two (15%) became pregnant and deliveredBHV‐1‐free calves. In conclusion, results suggest that embryos fertilized withBHV‐1‐contaminated semen may not result in disease transmission to embryo recipients or their offspring when embryos are processed according toIETSand the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) guidelines. However, due to the transmission ofBHV‐1 viaAIto embryo donors and the apparent adverse effect ofBHV‐1 on the quality of the embryos, it is unlikely that the procedure can be justified for a commercial application.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".