A hydrogel-based wireless sensor using micromachined variable inductors with folded flex-circuit structures for biomedical applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports a flexible, inductive wireless sensor that can be combined with a variety of hydrogel materials for biomedical applications. The variable inductor is formed by folding coplanar dual spiral coil with 5–10 mm size that are microfabricated using 50-µm-thick copper-clad polyimide film so that when folded, the two coils are aligned to each other and the mutual inductance depends on the gap between the aligned coils. A hydrogel element is sandwiched by the folded substrate to modulate the gap, or inductance of the device as it swells/deswells depending on the target parameter. The response of a variable inductor to the displacement of the coils is measured to be 0.40 nH/µm. A sensitivity of 113 ppm/μm in wireless frequency measurement is obtained using the passive resonant device that combines the variable inductor with a fixed capacitor. The resonant devices are coupled with a commercial hydrogel wound dressing as well as pH-sensitive poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel. Wireless monitoring of the swelling of the wound dressing is experimentally demonstrated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".