A hydrogel-based wireless sensor using micromachined variable inductors with folded flex-circuit structures for biomedical applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports a flexible, inductive wireless sensor that can be combined with a variety of hydrogel materials for biomedical applications. The variable inductor is formed by folding coplanar dual spiral coil with 5–10 mm size that are microfabricated using 50-µm-thick copper-clad polyimide film so that when folded, the two coils are aligned to each other and the mutual inductance depends on the gap between the aligned coils. A hydrogel element is sandwiched by the folded substrate to modulate the gap, or inductance of the device as it swells/deswells depending on the target parameter. The response of a variable inductor to the displacement of the coils is measured to be 0.40 nH/µm. A sensitivity of 113 ppm/μm in wireless frequency measurement is obtained using the passive resonant device that combines the variable inductor with a fixed capacitor. The resonant devices are coupled with a commercial hydrogel wound dressing as well as pH-sensitive poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel. Wireless monitoring of the swelling of the wound dressing is experimentally demonstrated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".