Guidelines for seismic design of flexible buswork between substation equipment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract During an earthquake, flexible buswork between interconnected equipment is stretched and compressed dynamically. This causes additional forces to be transmitted to the equipment. Design guidelines for flexible buswork have been determined through non‐linear finite element simulations on models of typical installations. For a proper design, the required amount of slack in the buswork is established using an estimation of the maximum horizontal relative displacement between equipment in a pair, with an additional length function of the buswork shape and its corresponding stiffness. To avoid multi‐connected equipment effects, all pairs of equipment within a given electrical phase must be designed in such way. Of utmost importance, equipment must be designed with an additional static load at its attachment point, to take account of the unavoidable forces transmitted by the buswork. From the previous criteria, a methodology for the design of universal flexible buswork has been established for use within Hydro‐Quebec and shown to be a simple way to cover most pairs of equipment within a given voltage level and for a given seismic demand. This methodology resulted in design tables specifying the required conductor length of possible shapes, for different distances between equipment. The guidelines described in this paper are proposed for possible adoption by other utilities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".