Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in infancy and childhood, affecting approximately 6–7% of girls and 2–3% of boys. Fourteen years have passed since the Royal College of Physicians published clinical guidelines for the management of UTI in children. Large numbers of children undergo imaging investigations and receive antibiotic prophylaxis for extended periods. A Cochrane systematic review in 20041 found inadequate data from available randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to provide evidence as to whether any intervention (antibiotics or surgery) in children with vesico-ureteric reflux confers worthwhile health benefits. In 1999 the American Academy of Pediatrics published a guideline on the diagnosis and management of UTI in children under the age of 2 years, based on a rigorous literature search.2 However, this did not investigate the evidence for a link between childhood UTIs, renal abnormalities, and long term outcome with or without treatment, and its recommendations are therefore open to question.3 Although the National Institute for Health and Clinical Evidence (NICE) is undertaking an evidence based guideline on the subject, this will not be published until May 2007. In the meantime, three recent systematic reviews address aspects of the management of UTI, and provide a useful insight into current evidence as a basis for clinical practice. The first was carried out by the York University Centre for Reviews and Dissemination for the National Health Service R&D Health Technology Assessment Programme.4 Its findings are summarised in Effective Health Care .5 It covers the evidence for the diagnosis and evaluation of UTIs in children under 5 years of age. ### Key points
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".