Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in infancy and childhood, affecting approximately 6–7% of girls and 2–3% of boys. Fourteen years have passed since the Royal College of Physicians published clinical guidelines for the management of UTI in children. Large numbers of children undergo imaging investigations and receive antibiotic prophylaxis for extended periods. A Cochrane systematic review in 20041 found inadequate data from available randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to provide evidence as to whether any intervention (antibiotics or surgery) in children with vesico-ureteric reflux confers worthwhile health benefits. In 1999 the American Academy of Pediatrics published a guideline on the diagnosis and management of UTI in children under the age of 2 years, based on a rigorous literature search.2 However, this did not investigate the evidence for a link between childhood UTIs, renal abnormalities, and long term outcome with or without treatment, and its recommendations are therefore open to question.3 Although the National Institute for Health and Clinical Evidence (NICE) is undertaking an evidence based guideline on the subject, this will not be published until May 2007. In the meantime, three recent systematic reviews address aspects of the management of UTI, and provide a useful insight into current evidence as a basis for clinical practice. The first was carried out by the York University Centre for Reviews and Dissemination for the National Health Service R&D Health Technology Assessment Programme.4 Its findings are summarised in Effective Health Care .5 It covers the evidence for the diagnosis and evaluation of UTIs in children under 5 years of age. ### Key points
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.059 | 0.020 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".