A new algorithm for digital low-impedance protection of busbars
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper presents a new algorithm, its implementation, and results of extensive testing, for a microprocessor-based low-impedance busbar relay. For increased security, the presented technique combines percent differential and current directional protection principles. The directional (phase comparison) principle does not require a voltage signal as it responds to relative directions of the currents. For fast operation, the outlined approach uses an adaptive trip logic that shifts between the 2-out-of-2 operating mode and the differential principle alone depending on a detection of CT saturation. The saturation detector responds to a differential-restraint current trajectory and is capable of detecting saturation occurring as fast as approximately 2 msec into a fault. The presented solution is implemented as a centralized type microprocessor-based relay with a sub-cycle tripping time and exceptional immunity to CT saturation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it