COPEPOD MANDIBLE PALYNOMORPHS FROM THE NOLICHUCKY SHALE (CAMBRIAN, TENNESSEE): IMPLICATIONS FOR THE TAPHONOMY AND RECOVERY OF SMALL CARBONACEOUS FOSSILS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The recent discovery of crustacean body parts among small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs) has expanded the known range of Cambrian arthropods to include comparatively derived taxa, including copepods. However, the potential for SCFs to reveal larger-scale patterns in Cambrian crustacean evolution has been unclear, because of the small number of known occurrences. Previously, Cambrian copepods were represented solely by isolated mandibles (jaws) from the Deadwood Formation of Saskatchewan, Canada (middle to late Cambrian; = Series 3 to Furongian). Herein we report a second occurrence of Cambrian copepod mandibles, of closely comparable morphology, from the approximately coeval Nolichucky Shale of Tennessee, United States. The Nolichucky specimens were recovered using standard palynological processing, whereas the larger and more articulated Deadwood specimens were recovered using a low-manipulation procedure designed for SCFs. The two datasets represent largely distinct but complementary views onto a taphonomic continuum. In general, larger and more delicate crustacean SCFs reveal phylogenetically and ecologically informative characters, but are likely to be restricted in space and time, and are often low in abundance. In contrast, robust fragments of the same body parts are more likely to be preserved and recovered, but may be unidentifiable in the absence of SCFs. Therefore, conventionally recovered palynomorphs can expand the utility of SCFs to offer a higher-fidelity account of broad-scale evolutionary patterns.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".