Brushite Cements from Polyphosphoric Acid, Calcium Phosphate Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Brushite cement is more soluble than apatitic cement under physiological conditions. Thus, brushite cement may be resorbable in vivo when used as a bone substitute material. Our group has previously reported the formation of brushite cement from orthophosphoric acid and several calcium phosphates such as β‐tricalcium phosphate or nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite. In this study, polyphosphoric acid was investigated as a calcium phosphate cement component. We found that brushite cement was not formed when polyphosphoric acid was mixed with β‐tricalcium phosphate but instead monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) was formed. Although stronger in compression when tested dry, MCPM is readily soluble under physiological conditions and cement loses structural integrity within hours of aging in water. However, by varying the solid component phases, we have discovered a new route to the formation of brushite cement. The mixture of polyphosphoric acid, water, and tetracalcium phosphate yielded cement composed predominantly of brushite. The mechanical performance, microstructure, and setting time of this cement appeared to be dependent on the composition of the set cement, which in turn was determined by the composition of cement reactants in the cement slurry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".