Food chain transfer and exposure effects of selenium in salmonid fish communities in two watersheds in the Canadian Rocky Mountains
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Selenium (Se) concentrations and fish biomass were examined in streams in two mined watersheds to determine if juvenile salmonids reflect local Se exposure concentrations downstream of surface coal mines and to investigate the relationship between Se exposure and toxicity effects at the fish community level. Se concentrations were measured in water, biofilm, macroinvertebrates, and muscle tissues from juvenile westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi), bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in mine-affected and reference streams. Significant positive Se transfer relationships were found at each measured level of the lotic food chain. Se accumulation from macroinvertebrates to juvenile fish muscle tissue was not significantly different among fish species, but indicated a significant positive relationship between juvenile fish muscle tissue and dietary Se at capture sites. Mean muscle Se concentrations in some stream reaches exceeded proposed individual-level toxic effective concentrations (EC10) in rainbow trout (3.14 ± 0.38 to 15.07 ± 2.24 mg·kg–1 dry mass) and westslope cutthroat trout (3.31 ± 0.32 to 13.79 ± 1.27 mg·kg–1 dry mass), but fish biomass at the reach scale was only significantly negatively related to mean fish muscle tissue Se concentrations for rainbow trout.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".