Ammonia emissions from broiler production in the San Joaquin Valley
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ammonia is the primary basic gas in the atmosphere and has the most important role in the neutralization of atmospheric acids generated by fossil fuel combustion. The reaction product forms a NH(4)(+) aerosol, which is a major component of atmospheric particulates. These NH(4)(+) particulates are part of atmospheric haze and may be transported long distances from the production site before returning to the surface by dry deposition or scavenged by precipitation. Animal production produces a significant component of anthropogenic NH(3) emissions and the National Academy of Sciences concluded that NH(3) emissions estimates from animal feeding operations have not been characterized sufficiently, leading the US Environmental Protection Agency to institute studies in the United States to obtain NH(3) emissions from animal feeding operations under the US Environmental Protection Agency Air Consent Agreement. The objective of this study is to obtain additional broiler NH(3) emissions estimates using a backward Lagrangian stochastic technique. This technique uses NH(3) concentrations measured upwind and downwind of the farm, wind observations, and atmospheric dispersion model calculations to obtain whole-farm emissions. Ammonia emissions were low at bird placement and increased steadily after about the third week of growth. At the end of the flock (47 d, ~297,000 birds), cumulative emissions for the flock cycle period were 0.016 kg of NH(3).bird(-1).flock(-1). Between-flock emissions, including bird harvest, cleanout, temporary storage of litter outside of the buildings, and downtime (buildings closed), added another 0.003 kg of NH(3).bird(-1).flock(-1). Emissions from this broiler farm were less than from some eastern US broiler farms but were comparable to broiler farms in Europe. Based on the results of this study and a similar winter study at this same farm, total flock wintertime and summertime (flock cycle plus between-flock) NH(3) emissions from this farm represented 7.8 and 8.3% of feed N as NH(3)-N, respectively, or an annual average of 8.1%.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it