Proteomic responses in the gills of fathead minnows (<i>Pimephales promelas</i>, Rafinesque, 1820) after 6 months and 2 years of continuous exposure to environmentally relevant dietary<sup>226</sup>Ra
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To investigate changes in the gill proteome of fathead minnows continually fed an environmentally relevant dietary dose of (226)Ra for 2 years. METHODS: The fish were fed a commercial diet containing 10 mBq-10 Bq (226)Ra g(-1). After 6 months and 2 years the gill proteome was analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Protein spots which exhibited a significant change were identified using mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Six proteins were found to be increased: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), enolase, protein disulphide isomerase precursor, ATP synthase, glial cell fibrillary protein (GFAP), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1). One protein was found to be decreased; malate dehydrogenase. The majority of these changes occurred predominantly at the lowest (226)Ra doses, within 6 months and were maintained for 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: These proteomic changes suggested an adaptive or protective response to radiation induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased GFAP indicated the induction of oxidative stress. Increased GAPDH and enolase indicated enhanced ROS scavenging from glycolytic metabolites. Increased protein disulphide isomerase precursor indicated an enhanced source of radioprotective thiols. Decreased malate dehydrogenase indicated enhanced ROS scavenging within the mitochondria. Increased ATP synthase indicated enhanced protection of healthy cells and increased ApoA1 indicated enhanced protection of the gill lamellae.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".