Timing and localization of near‐Earth tail and ionospheric signatures during a substorm onset
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On 16 February 2008, the THEMIS spacecraft (probes) bracketed the near‐Earth signatures of a substorm onset as identified in the THEMIS ground‐based observatories measuring an AETH index up to 180 nT. The main onset was associated with the formation and tailward release of a plasmoid (a proto‐plasmoid) at XGSM = −18.3 RE and a dipolarization in the inner part of the plasma sheet at XGSM = −11.0 RE. The time history and geometry of the event in the tail are consistent with magnetic reconnection as the cause of the substorm expansion onset process. Two activations of the plasma sheet, evidenced by tailward streaming of energetic ions and southward or bipolar signatures of the magnetic field, preceded the main substorm. The first activation was associated with an intensification of a high‐latitude arc, while the second was associated with the onset of ULF pulsations at midlatitude and low‐latitude stations. We conclude that near‐Earth plasma sheet activity that may also be due to reconnection and may be related to nonsubstorm arc intensifications can precede substorm onset by several minutes. In particular, high‐latitude arcs do not appear to result in substorm initiation even though they may occur in close temporal and spatial proximity to the substorm arc.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".