Reduced Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Independent of Anticholinergic or β-agonist Medications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) is a predictor of poor outcome in several pathologies and in general population. Whether HRV is altered during normal daily activities or influenced by anticholinergic and β-adrenergic medications in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unknown. Forty-one clinically stable COPD patients and 19 healthy controls matched for age, sex and smoking history underwent a 24-hour ambulatory ECG recording during normal daily activities. HRV was assessed by standardized temporal and spectral analysis. COPD patients showed a reduced HRV (LF/HF ratio) compared with healthy controls (median [interquartile range]) during daytime (2.6 [1.5-3.8] vs. 3.5 [2.9-5.6]), nighttime (1.8 [1.1-4.3] vs. 4.2 [2.7-6.9]) as well as during the entire 24-hour (1.9 [1.5-3.4] vs. 3.9 [3.2-5.6]) recordings (all P < 0.005). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the time domain and in the low frequency or high frequency domain for the 24-hour period analysis. In COPD patients, the 24-hour LF/HF ratio positively correlated with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) (r = 0.342, P = 0.028) and negatively correlated with age (r = -0.317, P = 0.044). In multiple regression analysis, LF/HF ratio was associated with FEV(1) (P = 0.05) but not with age (P = 0.08). There was no difference of HRV between patients using or not anticholinergic or β-agonist medications. These results demonstrate that COPD patients have a reduced sympatho-vagal balance compared with healthy subjects. HRV correlates with disease severity and does not seem to be influenced by anticholinergic or adrenergic medications.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".