The epidemiology and clinical features of multiple, non-contiguous spine injuries in children
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Multiple – non-contiguous spinal injuries (NCSI) are complex injuries frequently missed and with increased potential for adverse outcomes. Adult incidence is reported as 1.6–34%, with greater risk of mortality and fracture instability; the paediatric incidence is unknown. A retrospective review at an academic paediatric trauma centre over a 15 year period identified 25 (11.8%) out of 211 patients with NCSI, with a mean age of 10.7 years. MVC was the primary cause for ages 0–9, while a fall was seen for ages 10–17. The mean number of vertebral levels injured was 3.2. The most common region was the thoracic spine, with a mean of 5.4 (range 1–22) intact vertebral levels between injuries. Twenty-four percent with NCSI had a neurologic deficit versus 9.7% with single level, contiguous injuries (RR 2.48 (1.09, 5.65)). Seven (78%) of nine patients aged 0–9 suffered an associated injury, usually a visceral injury. Mortality was 8.0% in patients with NCSI versus 2.7% in patients with single level or contiguous injury. Children with NCSI have a higher mortality and suffer more serious neurologic injury than with single level injury. Injured spinal segments occur at a greater distance in patients with neurologic injury or death. Younger patients with NCSIs had a high rate of associated injuries. Clinicians must be aware of the incidence of NCSIs in children, as well as their associations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".