The visual P2 is attenuated for attended objects near the hands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vision is altered when people place their hands near the object they are observing. To investigate the neural processes underlying this effect, we measured electroencephalographic visual-evoked potentials (VEPs) elicited by reversing checkerboards, while participants' hands either surrounded the visual display or rested at their sides. We found the P2 component was attenuated for hand-proximal stimuli, but only when participants attended to the location of the checkerboard. In Experiment 1, participants performed an attention-demanding color-change task that was presented centrally, and the P2 component was attenuated for central, but not peripheral, checkerboards. In Experiment 2, participants performed the attention task in the periphery, and the P2 was attenuated for peripheral, but not central, checkerboards. These results suggest that hand-proximal stimuli benefit from enhanced selective attention at later stages of perceptual processing. The effect only occurs for objects at task-relevant locations, however, even when task-irrelevant locations are physically closer to the hands.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".