Bibliographic record
Abstract
When salmon struggle upstream for hundreds of kilometres from the ocean to their freshwater spawning sites they face a serious drop in salinity on the way. Fish biologists have long suspected that salmon `prepare' physiologically for their freshwater spawning trip. To test this idea, Mark Shrimpton and his Canadian colleagues caught wild sockeye salmon at various points along their migratory route and found that salmon do seem to prepare for freshwater entry(p. 4069).Fish swimming in saltwater need to excrete unwanted ions, so they increase the activity of the sodium pump Na+/K+-ATPase in their gills. There are freshwater-specific and saltwater-specific isoforms of this enzyme, and Shrimpton's team wondered how the expression levels of these isoforms change as the fish move from seawater to freshwater and during the salmon's upstream migration. To find out, the team collected gill tissue samples from wild sockeye salmon at various points on their 1600 km migratory route from the ocean to spawning sites along the Fraser River in British Columbia. They measured gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity and also analysed the expression of the freshwater- and saltwater-specific Na+/K+-ATPase isoforms using real-time PCR. The team saw that gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity decreased as fish moved between three saltwater locations towards the river, which suggests that salmon do `prepare' before they enter freshwater. But once the fish are in freshwater, expression of the freshwater-specific isoform keeps increasing, so the team concluded that sockeye salmon's freshwater acclimation is not entirely complete before the fish enter the river.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.107 | 0.044 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".