Using [1‐<sup>13</sup>C]lactic acid for hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup>C MR cardiac studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate in solution may be a clinically relevant and safe substrate for real time MR investigations of key metabolic pathways. The potential of using hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate for magnetic resonance studies of cardiac metabolism in vivo was explored. METHODS: Neat [1-(13) C]lactic acid was hyperpolarized using the dynamic nuclear polarization process. Cardiac MR spectroscopy experiments were performed in vivo using hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate and [1-(13) C]pyruvate in solutions. RESULTS: A high degree of polarization was achieved for [1-(13) C]lactate in solution (16.7%). (13) C-bicarbonate was observed in rat hearts in vivo after either hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate or hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]pyruvate was infused, but lower (13) C-bicarbonate to substrate ratio was observed with hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate infusions. The response of (13) C-bicarbonate signal as a function of hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate doses was also investigated and a saturation of (13) C-bicarbonate signal was observed at the highest dose of [1-(13) C]lactate used (0.69 mmol/kg). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the use of neat [1-(13) C]lactic acid as the DNP sample is a potential alternative to [1-(13) C]pyruvic acid for cardiac hyperpolarized (13) C MR studies. Hyperpolarized [1-(13) C]lactate may enable noninvasive assessment of cardiac PDH flux in cardiac patients in the near future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".