In Vitro Activity of Cocoa Powder Extracts on Some Biomarkers Implicated in P. falciparum Malaria Pathogenesis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Malaria is a public health concern in many developing countries, including Ghana, and efforts are being made to eradicate it. Extracts from natural products have been used in several malaria endemic areas for malaria prophylaxis and treatment. Natural cocoa powder has been reported to possess in vitro direct inhibitory on P. falciparum. This study investigated the effect of natural cocoa powder on inducible nitric oxide, TNF-α and IL-10, biomarkers that play different roles in malaria pathogenesis. Chloroform and ethylacetate fractions of cocoa powder were cultured together with phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for 24 hours at 37°C with 5% CO2. Cell free supernatants were harvested and assayed for iNO, TNF-α and IL-10. Inducible NO was determined by diazotization reaction developed by Griess. TNF-α and IL-10 were determined by ELISA. This study showed that TNF-α and iNO in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated PBMCs were significantly reduced by cocoa fractions (p < 0.05), but IL-10 levels did not change significantly (p > 0.05), although TNF-α is known to up-regulate IL-10.Apart from the documented direct inhibitory effect of cocoa powder on P. falciparum, it can be hypothesized that the antiplasmodial activity of unsweetened cocoa powder could also be due to its ability to significantly inhibit iNO and TNF-α, inflammatory substances implicated in severe malaria pathogenesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".