OpenFOAM Turbo Tools: From General Purpose CFD to Turbomachinery Simulations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OpenFOAM is an established object-oriented library for Computational Continuum Mechanics, with emphasis on CFD. It implements physical models of fluid flow, structural analysis, heat and mass transfer using equation mimicking, with unstructured polyhedral mesh support and massive parallelism in domain decomposition mode. In order to use OpenFOAM in turbomachinery CFD, its “general purpose” capabilities are enhanced with turbo-specific features, related to physics of rotating regions and rotor-stator interfaces. Handling for geometric simplifications of multi-blade and multi-stage rotating machines are implemented, including simple stage interfaces, non-equal pitch of blade passages, pitch-wise cyclicity and mixing plane averaging. In this paper we describe the implementation of turbomachinery-specific features in OpenFOAM, in the spirit of object orientation and C++. Emphasis is given to the basic functionality of turbo tools, software layout in OpenFOAM, numerical formulation of stage interfaces and their place in overall code design. The paper is concluded with examples of turbomachinery simulations, illustrating the capability of turbo tools on industrial cases of incompressible and compressible turbomachinery flows.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".