The relationship between cholinesterase inhibition and two types of swimming performance in chlorpyrifos-exposed coho salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was evaluated after two different swimming tests in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch; 238 +/- 5 g) given 96-h exposures to 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 microg/L of chlorpyrifos. Brain AChE activity decreased in a concentration-dependent manner (AChE activities were 81.8, 52.2, 37.3, and 21.3% of control for the 5, 10, 20, and 40 microg/L exposures, respectively), whereas swimming performance was impaired after a threshold of AChE impairment was reached. Specifically, for swimming performance (U(crit)) measured using the established ramp-U(crit) test (duration, 152 +/- 8 min), this threshold occurred with AChE activity of 68.5% +/- 18.1% of control. For a rapid acceleration test (U(deltav), where V represents velocity; 27.6 +/- 0.8 min), this value was 52.6% +/- 15.4% of control. Both swim protocols resulted in similar maximum swim speeds (control ramp-U(crit) and U(deltav) values of 3.44 +/- 0.09 and 3.71 +/- 0.13 body lengths/s, respectively), and performance was significantly reduced after 20 and 40 microg/L exposures in both groups (ramp-U(crit) values: 86.4 and 83.6 %, respectively, of control; U(deltav) values: 85.2 and 77.8%, rsepectively, of control). Although both tests yielded similar swim speeds, postexercise plasma lactate concentrations were greater for the U(deltav) test (11.3 +/- 0.6 vs 8.6 +/- 0.5 mmol/L), indicating a greater anaerobic effort. This increase was exaggerated after 10 microg/L of chlorpyrifos (14.6 +/- 1.3 mmol/L), indicating that anaerobic muscle was used to attain the same speed. Given the threshold relationship between AChE inhibition and swimming performance, coho salmon appear able to maintain integrated swimming activity despite significant impairment of an underlying neurological control mechanism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".