Fault recognition in smart grids by a one-class classification approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Due to the intrinsic complexity of real-world power distribution lines, which are highly non-linear and time-varying systems, modeling and predicting a general fault instance is a very challenging task. Power outages can be experienced as a consequence of a multitude of causes, such as damage of some physical components or grid overloads. Smart grids are equipped with sensors that enable continuous monitoring of the grid status, hence allowing the realization of control systems related to different optimization tasks, which can be effectively faced by Computational Intelligence techniques. This paper deals with the problem of faults modeling and recognition in a real-world smart grid, located in the city of Rome, Italy. It is proposed a suitable classication system able to recognize faults on medium voltage feeders. Due to the nature of the available data, the one-class classication framework is adopted. Experiments are presented and discussed considering a three-year period of measurements of fault events gathered by ACEA Distribuzione S.p.A., the company that manages the smart grid system under analysis. Results demonstrate the effectiveness and validity of our approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".