Voices from the Margins : the Muskekowuck Athinuwick/Cree People of Northern Ontario and the Management of <i>Wabusk</i>/Polar Bear
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ARIOUS STUDIES ON POLAR BEARS (Wabusk in Cree)indicate that the health and distribution of this animal and its habitat (i.e., dens, staging areas) are being affected by climate change (Scott et al., 2002;Obbard et al., 2006Obbard et al., , 2007)).Of special concern to the Muskekowuck Athinuwick/Cree People of northern Ontario are the Western Hudson Bay and the Southern Hudson Bay polar bear populations (the two located in Wînipekw, or Hudson and James bays), which the Cree comanage along with other stakeholders (i.e., Manitoba, Nunavut, Quebec, and other indigenous people with aboriginal and treaty rights).The co-management discussions among indigenous people with aboriginal and treaty rights and other stakeholders are complicated by proposed legislation that would change the polar bear's status in the United States and Canada (Lunn et al., 2006); by Inuit criticism of these proposed changes, which will affect their traditional practices (Freeman and Wenzel, 2006); and by the absence of the Muskekowuck Athinuwick/Cree People of northern Ontario from these discussions.This essay has two aims: to advocate Cree engagement in polar bear management and to remind resource managers, environmental non-governmental organizations, researchers, and academics that the Cree are a sovereign people with aboriginal and treaty rights that are affirmed and recognized in the Canadian Constitution.Although we do not claim to be objective, we do recognize-as Latour (1999) did-that all ways of knowing are socially constructed and influenced.We thus situate our subjectivity by stating that our perspective is not supported by any oil company, hunting proponent, or nonprofit environmental group.Two of the authors work with First Nation organizations, while the third is Métis.What we are attempting to do in this article is to ensure that all voices involved with polar bear management are heard.So far, the voice of the Muskekowuck Athinuwick/Cree People of northern Ontario, a recognized stakeholder in polar bear management, has been virtually silenced throughout polar bear debates.Reasons for this exclusion include the geographical isolation of these communities from decision-making centres in southern Canada, a lack of communication between management agencies and stakeholders, and a general lack
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.025 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".