Greater Skeletal Muscle Fat Infiltration Is Associated With Higher All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Older Men
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle fat infiltration (myosteatosis) increases with aging, and has been associated with poor metabolic and musculoskeletal health, independent of overall adiposity. Studies examining the relationship of myosteatosis and mortality among older individuals recruited without regard to their health status are sparse. METHODS: We evaluated the association of peripheral computed tomography measured calf myosteatosis (intermuscular fat and muscle density as a measure of intramuscular fat) with mortality in 1,063 community-dwelling older men. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the risk of mortality independent of potential confounders. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 7.2 years, 317 participants died. After adjustment for potential covariates and additional adjustment for whole body fat, lower skeletal muscle density was associated with increased all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] per standard deviation lower skeletal muscle density: 1.24 [1.09-1.41] and 1.46 [1.15-1.86], respectively), and to some extent with noncardiovascular disease mortality (1.18 [1.0-1.38], p = .053). After adjusting for trunk fat in a separate multivariable model, the association between skeletal muscle density and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality remained significant (both p < .01), while its association with noncardiovascular disease mortality became of borderline significance (p = .085). No other measures of adiposity, including calf intermuscular fat, were associated with mortality. CONCLUSION: Our study reveals an independent association between skeletal muscle density and mortality in a community-based sample of older, predominantly Caucasian men. Further studies are needed to establish if this association is independent of other ectopic fat depots, and to identify the biological mechanisms underlying this relationship.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".