Bibliographic record
Abstract
In broad terms the aim of this paper is to encourage historical research on the Chinese communities of British Columbia. * It is intended therefore to be suggestive rather than conclusive. I hope to interest students of British Columbian history in the sociological and historical problems arising from the presence of a Chinese population and its relations with the other settlers of this province for, despite the importance of the Chinese in the building of British Columbia, little scholarly attention has been directed towards this group.1 However, before turning to a sociological examina-tion of Chinese history in BC, it may be useful to examine in some detail the provenance of the Chinese in Canada with a view to understanding their emigration in such large numbers. With very few exceptions, overseas Chinese throughout the world come from two provinces in southeastern China — Fukien and Kwangtung — and except for a handful of immigrants from north China, the Chinese in North America are from Kwangtung Province, almost all of them from a small region southeast of Canton only thirty miles in radius. South-eastern China is a region of cultural and linguistic diversity — at least six different Chinese languages are spoken in Kwangtung Province alone. Nearly all the Chinese in North America, however, speak Cantonese, albeit in several dialects, and of the more than 80,000 Chinese in Canada * This paper was first presented as a lecture to a combined annual meeting of the BG Historical Society and the Vancouver Historical Association. I am indebted to Mr. Neil Burton and Mrs. Marjorie Mitchell for editorial help in preparing it for publication. 1 One study, David T. H. Lee's recent book The Chinese in Canada (1968), is in Chinese and is therefore inaccessible to most Canadian historians. However, some other sources (e.g., Bronsdon, Cheng, Lyman, and Willmott listed in the bibliog-raphy) are available, and there are scores of elderly Chinese living throughout the province whose memories, carefully assessed, could provide documentation for much of the life of the community.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.012 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.025 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".