Aerodynamic Effects of Freezing Drizzle in the Landing Pattern: A Case Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the course of the Alliance Icing Research Study (AIRS) II inflight icing research flight programme, a freezing drizzle (FZL) icing accretion encounter occurred whilst on the base and final approach track legs in the radar-vectored Instrument Landing System (ILS) pattern, and configuring progressively into the landing configuration. Aerodynamic performance data has been derived from recorded inertial and air data, sliced into time intervals of varying length from 4 to 20 second duration. In particular, the changes in profile and induced drag coefficients ∆CDo and ∆k, respectively, and in lift-curve slope, ∆a, have been derived for each time slice, and examined in the time-domain. Useful drag component data has been extracted from the time-slices, indicating that non-substantial changes to ∂CD/∂CL2 occurred, but approximately 380 % rise in CDo occurred. The CDo rise correlated reasonably with 80VD, but not with the MVD, when the droplet size parameters were derived for the combined small (FSSP probes) and large droplet (2DC probe) spectra. The drag rise was much larger than that measured in FZL, with wing flaps UP. It would equate to an approximate loss of climb gradient of 8.7%, very substantial when compared with landing-climb gradient and go-around obstacle-clearance climb-out path airworthiness and operational requirements, respectively. Icing accretion completely obscured the front windscreen panels. Post-flight, a runback icing accretion band was observed well aft of the heated leading edge sections, on the left wing upper surface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".