Leaf trichome morphology and density in West African <i>Trema</i> spp. (Ulmaceae: Celtidoideae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Leaf trichome morphology and density are described for three species belonging to the genus Trema from West Africa: T. africana (Planch.) Blume, T. orientalis (L.) Blume, and T. nitens (Hook. & Planch.) Blume. Leaves of specimens collected in West Africa were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Unicellular trichome morphology was assessed, and a 3 × 3 two-way contingency table analysis showed dependence between the trichome type and species identity. Density of unicellular and multicellular trichomes on both leaf surfaces as well as the number of cells composing the stalk of multicellular trichomes were measured and subjected to nonparametric analysis of variance. Kruskal-Wallis tests yielded significant results (p < 0.05) among the three species for all characters except unicellular trichome density on the adaxial leaf surface. Wilcoxon two-sample tests showed that all species were different, except for the density of multicellular trichomes on the abaxial leaf surface where densities in T. africana and T. orientalis were not significantly different. The number of cells composing the stalk of multicellular trichomes was significantly different among each species on the adaxial leaf surface, but on the abaxial one, T. africana and T. orientalis exhibited no significant differences. The value of these characters in the discrimination between the three species is discussed.Key words: Trema spp., Ulmaceae, West Africa, leaf trichomes, morphology, density.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".