Temperature variability in the nearshore benthic boundary layer of Lake Opeongo is due to wind-driven upwelling events
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A major source of temperature variation in nearshore and benthic regions of stratified lakes is due to wind-driven tilting of the thermocline. The maximum displacement of the thermocline depends upon the wind forcing, stratification, and basin morphometry; combined these three-dimensional physical parameters give the dimensionless lake number (LN). We find that the deflection of the thermocline across the length of the basin (Δh*) is correlated to the temporally averaged LN as Δh*/2h1 = 0.37LN–1, where h1 is the depth of the thermocline. We report field observations from Lake Opeongo (Ontario, Canada) showing that during large vertical movements of the thermocline, there are unstable temperature gradients in the benthic layer, as measured by the occurrence of temperature inversions on our thermistor strings. High-frequency waves interacting with the benthic boundary are most likely causing the temperature inversions. Measurements at two shallow slopes of S = 1% and 4%, show that inversions only occur when LN < 5, whereas for S = 8%, the inversions occur only when LN < 2.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".