Unveiling cryptic species of the bumblebee subgenus<i>Bombus s. str.</i>worldwide with COI barcodes (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bumblebees of the subgenus Bombus s. str. dominate (or used to dominate) many north temperate pollinator assemblages \nand include most of the commercial bumblebee pollinator species. Several species are now in serious decline, so \nconservationists need to know precisely which ones are involved. The problem is that many Bombus s. str. species are \ncryptic, so that species identification from morphology may be impossible for some individuals and is frequently misleading \naccording to recent molecular studies. This is the first review of the entire subgenus to: (1) avoid fixed a priori assumptions \nconcerning the limits of the problematic species; and (2) sample multiple sites from across the entire geographic ranges of \nall of the principal named taxa worldwide; and (3) fit an explicit model for how characters change within an evolutionary \nframework; and (4) apply explicit and consistent criteria within this evolutionary framework for recognising species. We \nanalyse easily-obtained DNA (COI-barcode) data for 559 sequences from 279 localities in 33 countries using general mixed \nYule-coalescent (GMYC) models, assuming only the morphologically distinctive species B. affinis Cresson, B. franklini \n(Frison), B. ignitus Smith and B. tunicatus Smith, and then recognise other comparable COI-barcode groups as putative \nspecies. These species correspond to modified concepts of the taxa B. cryptarum (Fabricius), B. hypocrita P´erez, B. \njacobsoni Skorikov, B. lantschouensis Vogt n. stat., B. longipennis Friese, B. lucorum (Linnaeus), B. magnus Vogt, B. \nminshanensis Bischoff n. stat., B. occidentalis Greene, B. patagiatus Nylander, B. sporadicus Nylander, B. terrestris \n(Linnaeus) and B. terricola Kirby (a total of 17 species). Seven lectotypes are designated. Our results allow us for the first \ntime to diagnose all of the putative species throughout their global ranges and to map the extent of these geographic ranges.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".