Flavonoid chemistry and chromosome numbers of <i>Fallopia</i> section <i>Pleuropterus</i> (Polygonaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flavonoid chemistry and chromosome numbers of Fallopia sect. Pleuropterus were examined to gain insights into the relationships among the taxa within the section. Twenty-seven flavonoid compounds were isolated and identified from taxa of section Pleuropterus; most of them were glycosylated derivatives of the flavonols kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, and of the flavones apigenin and luteolin. The flavonoid data appear to be useful for taxon delimitation, because all taxa examined are readily distinguished by their flavonoid profiles. In addition, the flavonoid data revealed the presence of two chemical entities in the section; the first group includes Fallopia multiflora (Thunb. ex Murray) Haraldson (with varieties) and Fallopia ciliinervis (Nakai) Hammer and the second group includes Fallopia baldschuanica (Regel) Holub and Fallopia koreana Oh & Kim. These groupings suggested by the flavonoid chemistry are well-corroborated by the chromosome number of these taxa. Taxa of the first group have chromosome numbers based on x = 11 (2n = 22, 44), whereas chromosome numbers of the second group are based on x = 10 (2n = 20). Our counts for F. multiflora var. hypoleuca (Nakai ex Ohwi) Yonekura & H. Ohashi (2n = 44), Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. ex Murray (= F. multiflora) var. angulatum S.Y. Liu (2n = 22), F. ciliinervis (2n = 22), and F. koreana (2n = 20) are the first reports for these taxa. Based on these results, and in conjunction with morphological evidence, it is strongly suggested that the two groups of section Pleuropterus revealed by this study are not closely allied and may represent separate lineages in the genus Fallopia.Key words: Polygonaceae, Fallopia sect. Pleuropterus, flavonoids, chromosome number, chemotaxonomy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".