Stress Analyses of Deep Plate Girders Used at Oil and Gas Facilities with Rectangular Web Penetrations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rectangular openings in structural members are used to allow the passage of services. Special design considerations are required to compensate for the reduction in stiffness and to minimize fatigue cracks in the web. The paper investigates the behavior of deep plate girders with rectangular openings with applications to oil and gas facilities. An efficient numerical procedure is first presented for analysis of webs with rectangular penetrations. The limitations of the current AISC guidelines and Canadian design procedures are also highlighted. Recommendations are proposed for structural engineers to minimize web stresses in the girder. The influence of these penetrations on the performance of the plate girder is also illustrated for several loading conditions. It is shown that for openings with aspect ratios (α/β)>1, the stress decreases as the opening radius of curvature (r) increases. Also, the location of the maximum stress is largely influenced by the opening aspect ratio (α/β). It is also shown that a slow increase in the web maximum stress results when the opening curvature (r)<40 mm. For plate girders under shear loading, the web stress decreases by increasing the opening curvature (r).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".