Effect of drought on hydrology and sulphate dynamics in a temperate swamp
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Temperate wetlands are generally net retainers of sulphate (SO4−2). However, recent research indicates that some wetlands may export SO4−2 during drought conditions. In temperate wetlands, the susceptibility to drought will depend on wetland–stream and groundwater–surface water interactions. Here we present results of summer SO4−2 dynamics in a confined and unconfined stream within a temperate swamp. At the confined transect, the water table levels dropped greatly (−55 cm) and groundwater flow patterns reversed in response to summer drought. Although high porewater SO4−2 concentrations (36·4 mg l−1) were measured, no downstream export of SO4−2 was observed. A SO4−2 mass balance analysis on this stream reach indicated near zero retention. At the unconfined transect, water flowed from the stream to the wetland throughout most of the summer, maintaining relatively high water table levels (−25 cm). Sulphate porewater concentrations were significantly lower (9·2 mg l−1) than in the confined transect. Downstream discharge decreased to zero within this reach during extreme drought conditions, resulting in 100% SO4−2 retention for a three‐week period. Upon rewetting stream SO4−2 levels increased to 161·7 mg l−1 resulting in a large net export of SO4−2. This study demonstrates that while water table position was an important control on SO4−2 dynamics within the wetland, the degree of hydrologic connectivity between the wetland and the stream was the main control on episodic SO4−2 release following summer drought. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".