Near‐bed turbulence and relict waveformed sand ripples: Observations from the inner shelf
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Results are presented from a field investigation of near‐bed turbulence above degrading waveformed sand ripples in 17‐m water depth on the inner shelf. The heights of the 50‐cm wavelength primary ripples were about 5 cm at the start of the observation period, and decreased by a factor of 2 within 15 days. The principal degradation mechanism involved fish making pits in the seafloor. Near‐bed turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates are estimated both from the energy spectrum and from the vertical structure function within the inertial subrange, and ranged from 0.1 × 10 −6 to 3 × 10 −6 W/kg. The friction velocity, u * , at the bed ranged from 0.3 to 0.5 cm/s, and the wave friction factor, f w , from 0.017 to 0.02. The nearbed turbulence intensities and consequently the estimated values of u 2 * and f w are likely too small by a factor of 2, partly to satisfy the smooth‐wall constraint, and partly to account for the effects of small‐scale turbulence within the finite‐volume range cells of the coherent Doppler system used to make the turbulence estimates. Finally, the results indicate that the hydraulic roughness of relict ripples is likely a function of both ripple height and steepness, and that the relative roughness should also depend on the near‐bed wave orbital excursion. For modeling purposes, Nielsen's ripple roughness formula is recommended, with a reduced proportionality constant to account for the effects of irregular wave forcing and non‐equilibrium ripple history.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".