Rejuvenation of the Billion-Barrel Weyburn Oil Pool
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Weyburn Midale Oil Pool, discovered in 1954, is a 1.4 billion barrel (222.6 x 10 6 m 3 ) oil reservoir located in southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada. It produces medium sour crude from the Midale Beds of the Mississippian Charles Formation. The reservoir interval comprises two main lithologies - an upper dolostone, the Marly, and a lower limestone, the Vuggy - within which a series of flow units have been defined based on well logs and detailed study of several hundred cores. Both natural and injection-induced (or -enhanced) sub-verticalfractures are common in the reservoir, and are observed in well cores and on borehole-image logs. The dominant fracture orientation is SW -NE, with a secondary fracture trend oriented SE-NW Fracture spacing ranges from 0.3 to 10m with highest densities in the upper Vuggy, and the Marly generally being relatively non-fractured Drilling- and coring-inducedfractures are also present. The Weyburn Midale Pool, originally drilled on 80 acre (32.4 hectare) spacing, was on primary production until 1964, at which time it was unitized and went onto waterjlood production. In 2000, a CO2 miscible flood was implemented, the CO2 being delivered in a dense-phase state at a pressure of 14.5MPa from a coal-gasification plant in Beulah, North Dakota, via a 300 km long pipeline at a rate of approximately 100 million standard cubic feet per day (MMSCF/d) [ 2. 83 x 10 6 m 3 /dj. Originally 19 patterns in the shoal-dominated NW area of the Weyburn Unit were rolled out under the CO2 flood The ever-increasing volume of produced CO2, which currently amounts to 55 MMSCFld (1.56 x 10 6 m 3 /d), has allowedfor an additional 25 patterns to be rolled out since 2000. EnCana plans to further expand the C02flood, with time, to 75 patterns, and expects an ultimate recovery of incremental oil in excess of 122 million barrels (19.4 x 10 6 m 3 ).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".