Quinolone Resistance in Canadian Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strains (2001–2005)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: To monitor quinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains in Canada. Methods: N. gonorrhoeae strains were obtained from provincial public health and reference laboratories across Canada. MICs were determined by agar dilution for penicillin, spectinomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, cefixime, and azithromycin. Additional testing of the strain's auxotype, and plasmid profile were also determined. Results: From 2001–2005, 28035 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were tested by laboratories across Canada. Of these, 4522 resistant strains were characterized by the National Microbiology Laboratory. During this period, an increase in ciprofloxacin resistant strains, cipR, (MIC value ≥1.0 mg/L) was observed. In 2001, only 130 strains, or 2.9% of the strains tested nationally (n = 4498) were found to be resistant to ciprofloxacin. This rate increased to 6.2% (n = 4018) in 2004, and by 2005 the number of cipR strains increased to 570 accounting for 15.8% (n = 3619) of the year's total. From the 1159 cipR strains characterized during this time frame, the auxotype/plasmid profiles of NR/2.6 Mdal and P/2.6 Mdal were the most common, 33.7% and 31.8% respectively. Of the 1096 cipR strains characterized where the gender and age were known, 86.4% of the strains were from males. The majority of patient ages were between 20–39 for both genders, 65.0% for males and 64.4% for females. Conclusion: Ciprofloxacin resistance in N. gonorrhoeae within Canada has increased to a level where ciprofloxacin is no longer an option for treatment. The treatments now available are spectinomycin or the third generation cephalosporins, such as ceftriaxone and cefixime. A sentinel surveillance system is being considered to collect representative strains as more laboratories are shifting to nucleic acid based diagnosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".