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Record W2106755778 · doi:10.1080/07060661.2011.563906

Direct and indirect impacts of climate change on forests: three case studies from British Columbia

2011· article· en· W2106755778 on OpenAlexafffundvenueabout
Lori D. Daniels, Thomas B. Maertens, Amanda B. Stan, Shane P. J. McCloskey, Jed D. Cochrane, Robert W. Gray

Bibliographic record

VenueCanadian Journal of Plant Pathology · 2011
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicFire effects on ecosystems
Canadian institutionsUniversity of British Columbia
FundersNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
KeywordsClimate changeGeographyEcologyBasal areaGlobal warmingDisturbance (geology)Environmental sciencePhysical geographyClimatologyForestryBiology

Abstract

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Abstract Climate is an important driver of forest dynamics. In this paper, we present three case studies from the forests of British Columbia to illustrate the direct and indirect effects of climatic variation and global warming on forest composition and function. (1) Tree mortality rates in old forests of western North America have doubled in recent decades. Regional warming and water deficits directly affected tree death rates or indirectly increased insect and pathogen activity and wind storms causing tree deaths. Concurrently, tree density and basal area declined significantly, indicating lagged growth responses of surviving trees or long-term decline of these forests. (2) Yellow-cedar decline along coastal British Columbia and Alaska shows that small changes in average climatic conditions, coupled with extreme weather events, can have large ecological effects. A small persistent increase in mean temperatures has reduced snow-cover depth and duration. Coupled with extreme cold events which damage unprotected tree roots, these climatic changes are considered the primary cause of widespread yellow-cedar mortality. (3) Interactions between climate and disturbance are complex in the mountain forests of the East Kootenay region. Understanding historic climate–fire interactions is key to anticipating future frequent and severe fires. Here, climate change effects may be exacerbated by the cumulative effects of human land use, fire exclusion and mountain pine beetle outbreaks. We conclude that understanding past climate variation and its effects on forests help us to anticipate the potential effects of global warming. Résumé Le climat est un important moteur de la dynamique des forêts. Dans cet article, nous présentons trois études de cas tirées des forêts de la Colombie-Britannique afin d'illustrer les effets directs et indirects de la variation et du réchauffement climatiques sur la composition ainsi que sur la fonction de la forêt. (1) Le taux de mortalité des arbres dans les forêts anciennes de l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord a doublé au cours des dernières décennies. Le réchauffement régional et le déficit en eau contribuent directement au taux de mortalité des arbres ou, indirectement, par l'accroissement de l'activité des insectes et des agents pathogènes ainsi que par la violence des tempêtes de vent qui causent la mort des arbres. Simultanément, la densité des arbres et la surface terrière déclinent significativement, ce qui indique une réaction de croissance décalée des arbres qui survivent ou un dépérissement à long terme de ces forêts. (2) Le dépérissement du cyprès jaune le long des côtes de la Colombie-Britannique et de l'Alaska indique que de faibles modifications des conditions climatiques moyennes, ajoutées à des évènements météorologiques extrêmes, peuvent avoir de graves répercussions écologiques. Une petite augmentation constante de la température moyenne a réduit l'épaisseur et la durée du couvert neigeux. Ajoutés à des périodes de froid intense qui endommagent les racines non protégées des arbres, ces changements climatiques sont perçus comme étant la cause première de mort à grande échelle chez le cyprès jaune. (3) Dans les forêts de montagne de la région d'East Kootenay, les interactions entre le climat et les perturbations sont complexes. Afin d'anticiper à l'avenir les nombreux et graves incendies de forêt, il importe de comprendre les interactions historiques qui impliquent le climat et le feu. Ici, les conséquences des changements climatiques peuvent être aggravées par les effets cumulatifs de l'utilisation du territoire par l'homme, par la suppression des incendies de forêt et par les proliférations de dendroctone du pin ponderosa. Nous terminons en concluant que la compréhension des variations climatiques passées et de leurs effets sur les forêts nous aide à anticiper les conséquences possibles du réchauffement climatique. Keywords: climate variationcoastal forestsdisturbance regimesfire regimesforest declinemortality ratesmountain forestsmountain pine beetleold foreststree deathsyellow-cedarMots clés: cyprès jaunedendroctone du pin ponderosadépérissement de la forêtforêts anciennesforêts côtièresforêts de montagnemort des arbresrégimes d'incendiesrégimes de perturbationtaux de mortalitévariation climatique Acknowledgements Funding for this research was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Forestry Innovation Investment – Forest Science Program of British Columbia, and Parks Canada Agency. We thank Dave Andison for helpful suggestions that greatly improved this manuscript. Notes †This paper was a contribution to the symposium entitled 'Emerging stresses on forests and agro-ecosystems resulting from climate change' held during the Canadian Phytopathological Society Annual Meeting in Vancouver, British Columbia, June 2010.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.582
Threshold uncertainty score0.592

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.028
GPT teacher head0.211
Teacher spread0.183 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations53
Published2011
Admission routes4
Has abstractyes

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