Down-Regulation of CD9 Expression during Prostate Carcinoma Progression Is Associated with <i>CD9</i> mRNA Modifications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Cluster-of-differentiation antigen 9 (CD9) protein, a member of the tetraspanin family, has been implicated in carcinogenesis of various human tumors. Although decreased expression of the CD82 tetraspanin protein, a close CD9 relative, is associated with prostate cancer progression, CD9 expression has not been analyzed in this malignancy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: CD9 expression in human prostatic adenocarcinoma was analyzed by immunohistochemistry on 167 primary tumors and 88 lymph node or bone metastases. CD9 cDNA was sequenced from two human prostate cancer cell lines, prostatic adenocarcinoma, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and normal prostatic tissues. RESULTS: Although CD9 was detected in the epithelium of normal prostatic tissues, reduced or loss of CD9 expression within neoplastic cells was observed in 24% of 107 clinically localized primary adenocarcinomas, 85% of 60 clinically advanced primary adenocarcinomas, 85% of 65 lymph node metastases, and 65% of 23 bone metastases. Difference in CD9 expression between clinically localized and advanced diseases was highly significant (P < 1 x 10(-7)). Whereas there was no alteration of CD9 cDNA in normal tissues, all PC-3-derived cell lines, one PIN, and four prostatic adenocarcinomas harbored deletions in their CD9 cDNAs. Recurring CD9 point mutations were also found in PC-3M-LN4 cells, one PIN, and seven prostatic adenocarcinomas. CONCLUSIONS: CD9 expression is significantly reduced and even lost during prostate cancer progression. Moreover, deletions and mutations of the CD9 mRNA may be associated with loss of protein expression observed in tumor cells. Our data suggest that CD9 inactivation may play an important role in prostate cancer progression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".