Venous neuropeptide Y receptor responsiveness in patients with chronic heart failure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Chronic heart failure is associated with increased sympathetic nerve activity and elevated plasma neuropeptide Y levels. The aim of this study was to investigate whether increased neuropeptide Y release altered vascular neuropeptide Y responses in the dorsal hand veins in patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: Neuropeptide Y responsiveness was studied in vivo with use of a hand vein tonometry technique in 14 patients with chronic heart failure and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) values <20%, 16 patients with LVEF values from 20% to 35%, and 16 age-similar healthy control subjects. Plasma norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y levels were significantly elevated in patients with chronic heart failure and LVEF values <20% compared with control subjects (P < .01). Plasma neuropeptide Y but not norepinephrine levels were significantly elevated in patients with chronic heart failure and LVEF values from 20% to 35% compared with control subjects (P < .01). Increasing doses of neuropeptide Y (25 to 2,000 pmol/min) were infused into a dorsal hand vein of each subject. Dose-dependent venoconstriction to neuropeptide Y was observed in all subjects studied. The neuropeptide Y dose-response curve in patients with LVEF values from 20% to 35% was significantly shifted to the left compared with patients with LVEF values <20% and control subjects (P < .01), whereas no significant difference was observed between the control subjects and the patients with LVEF values <20%. No significant difference in neuropeptide Y dose responses was observed between patients with chronic heart failure with plasma neuropeptide Y levels above the median and patients with chronic heart failure with plasma neuropeptide Y levels below the median. CONCLUSIONS: In vivo venous neuropeptide Y receptor responsiveness is increased in patients with chronic heart failure and LVEF values from 20% to 35%. This increased neuropeptide Y responsiveness may contribute to venoconstriction at this stage of heart failure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".