Biochemistry and Biology of 2'-Fluoro-2'-Deoxythymidine (FT), A Putative Highly Selective Substrate for Thymidine Kinase Type 2 (TK2)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
2'-Deoxy-2'-fluorothymidine (FT) is a bioisostere of both thymidine (TdR), in which F replaces H at C-2' in the ribosyl configuration, and methyluridine, in which F replaces OH at C-2' in the ribosyl configuration. Fluorine is bioisosteric with H with respect to atomic radius and is bioisosteric with OH with respect to polarity and H-bonding as an H acceptor. The consequences of this C-2' F for H substitution on cytotoxicity, nucleoside transporter affinity, phosphorylation by thymidine kinases (TK1, TK2), cell uptake and biodistribution of FT in a murine tumor model are now reported. FT toxicity against a bank of murine and human cells was seen only at very high (˜1 mM) concentrations, although the cellular uptake of [3H]FT in these cells was comparable to that of [3H]TdR over a 24 h period. Human equilibrative nucleoside transporters (hENT1, hENT2) displayed weaker affinity for FT than for TdR, but the concentrative transporters (hCNT1, hCNT2, hCNT3) had much higher affinities for FT. FT was phosphorylated by both mitochondrial thymidine kinase (TK2) (58 % of TdR) and cytosolic thymidine kinase (TK1) (39 % of TdR). Preliminary in vivo imaging with [18F]FT in mice bearing implanted KBALB and contralateral KBALB-STK tumors showed highly selective uptake, with a tumor:blood ratio of 33 in a small herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1 TK) expressing tumor. In conclusion, [18F]FT appears to be a strong candidate for PET imaging of viral TK transgene imaging, based on its TK1:TK2 phosphorylation differential, its selective uptake by an HSV-TK expressing murine tumor model, its interaction with nucleoside transporters and its low toxicity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".