Relationships between dwarf mistletoe and the canopy structure of an old-growth lodgepole pine forest in central Oregon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The relationships between abundance of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum Nutt.) and the canopy structure of stands of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. murrayana (Grev. & Balf.) Engelm.) were investigated in the central Oregon pumice zone. Foliage height profiles were generated for stands containing light, moderate, and heavy infestations of A. americanum, and the vertical distribution of P. contorta foliage was modeled using the Weibull distribution. Stand-level changes in the Weibull parameters σ (scale parameter) and c (shape parameter) as well as other canopy indices were related to the abundance of A. americanum, the density of competing tree species, and stand-level abiotic factors. Foliage intercept diagrams showed that heavily infested stands had more foliage in the lower canopy and less in the upper canopy than lightly infested stands, but that total canopy height and canopy volume were similar regardless of infestation level. We also found that dwarf mistletoe abundance was strongly related to σ (r = 0.74, p < 0.001) and c (r = 0.54, p < 0.0001). Since heavily infested stands contained fewer large but many more small P. contorta than lightly infested stands, we conclude that A. americanum causes the canopy of infested stands to change, in part, by inducing demographic changes in populations of the host tree. These results illustrate the significant effects that dwarf mistletoes can have on the structural diversity of conifer forest communities and have important consequences for the conservation and management of these systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".