Thermal relaxation of lithium dendrites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The average lengths λ̅ of lithium dendrites produced by charging symmetric Li(0) batteries at various temperatures are matched by Monte Carlo computations dealing both with Li(+) transport in the electrolyte and thermal relaxation of Li(0) electrodeposits. We found that experimental λ̅(T) variations cannot be solely accounted by the temperature dependence of Li(+) mobility in the solvent but require the involvement of competitive Li-atom transport from metastable dendrite tips to smoother domains over ΔE(++)(R) ∼ 20 kJ mol(-1) barriers. A transition state theory analysis of Li-atom diffusion in solids yields a negative entropy of activation for the relaxation process: ΔS(++)(R) ≈ -46 J mol(-1) K(-1) that is consistent with the transformation of amorphous into crystalline Li(0) electrodeposits. Significantly, our ΔE(++)(R) ∼ 20 kJ mol(-1) value compares favorably with the activation barriers recently derived from DFT calculations for self-diffusion on Li(0)(001) and (111) crystal surfaces. Our findings suggest a key role for the mobility of interfacial Li-atoms in determining the morphology of dendrites at temperatures above the onset of surface reconstruction: TSR ≈ 0.65 TMB (TMB = 453 K: the melting point of bulk Li(0)).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".