Bibliographic record
Abstract
When it opened to traffic in 1997, Highway 407 in Toronto became the world's first all-electronic, barrier-free toll highway, charging tolls based on vehi- cle type, distance driven, time of day, and day of week. But no comparable highways have been established in Canada since then. Of the 415,600 lane- kilometers of paved public roads in Canada, only 385 kilometers are tolled. 1 Except on Highway 407, the tolls do not vary over time, and no area-based road- pricing scheme exists. Moreover, Highway 407 is privately owned and operated. Road pricing as a tool for internalizing congestion or other traffic-related exter- nalities has therefore not proceeded far in Canada, which lags behind the United States and a number of countries in Europe and Asia with respect to pricing. This paper assesses the prospects for urban road pricing in Canada, focus- ing on the role of road pricing for congestion relief rather than environmental benefits or revenue generation, although revenue generation is given some attention. 2 Because congestion pricing has not been implemented anywhere in Canada and detailed plans have not been developed for any city, the possibilities are relatively wide open. The concept of an optimal implementation path for road pricing has been discussed in the literature, but no general and comprehensive rules have yet been established and it is clear that prescriptions must be tailored to city- specific circumstances and opportunities. Not surprisingly, the case for urban road pricing appears to be strongest in Canada's three largest cities: Toronto,
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".