Hepatitis B virus genotypes, precore and core promoter variants among predominantly Asian patients with chronic HBV infection in a Canadian center
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The epidemiology of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in North America may be changing as a result of immigration from endemic countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV genotypes, precore (PC) and core promoter (CP) variants, and the proportion of patients meeting treatment criteria for HBV. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of consecutive HBV patients attending a Canadian tertiary liver center was conducted. HBV DNA was quantified by polymerase chain reaction assay. HBV genotypes and variants were determined using a line probe assay. RESULTS: Two hundred and seventy-two patients were enrolled; 200 were not receiving treatment at enrollment, of whom 116 were men and 84 women with a mean age 42+/-14 years. Among this group, 177 (88%) patients were Asian and 19 (10%) were Caucasian and 69 (35%) patients were hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positive. Genotypes B and C were found in 42% and 50% untreated patients, respectively; while CP and PC were detected in 52% and 43% patients, respectively. Approximately 20% patients not receiving treatment (29% HBeAg positive, 14% HBeAg negative) met AASLD guidelines for antiviral therapy. If lower cutoff values for alanine aminotransferase and HBV DNA levels were used, 49% patients would qualify for treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The vast majority of patients at a Canadian tertiary referral center were Asian. Virological and clinical characteristics of these patients reflect their country of origin. Our findings highlight the need to monitor the changing patterns of HBV infection in countries with large immigrant populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".